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Met Expectations Hypothesis: The use of Direct Measures to Develop Participant Surveys. Some articles that reference Vroom’s work to help support and explain very diverse human motivational actions. Lyman Porter and Edward Lawler extended Vroom’s Expectancy Theory to state that satisfaction is a result of performance. Through the research that I did, I found many references to Vroom’s work in the literary review sections of their research. Vroom’s Expectancy theory is one of the most widely accepted theories of motivation to explain how and why people make decisions. If only two or one of these are achieved, employees will not be motivated. Organizations looking to motivate employees need to ensure that all 3 of Valence, Instrumentality and Expectancy must be high or positive. He restricted his examination to evidence based on objective observation. Vroom’s final decision concerned the sources of data considered. Leading to a focus on the preference among outcomes, individual expectations concerning their actions for attainment of these outcomes. The fourth decision was the assumption of the kinds of variables which would be useful in explaining these individual work behaviors. This meant he focused on the variables and processes which influenced work behavior. Vroom’s third decision was to focus on the explanation of individual behavior rather than its control. His second decision served to restrict the class of phenomena to work behaviors including occupational choice, job satisfaction and job performance.
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This fit well with Vroom’s training as a psychologist of focusing on a single person. He decided to restrict himself to problems of individual behavior. The result was his creation of the VIE Theory (Valence, Instrumentality, Expectancy) or “expectancy theory” as published in Work and Motivation (Vroom 1964). Vroom took inspiration from this and worked on a general formulation of a theory dealing with the interaction of individual differences and situational variables. Victor Vroom’s doctoral dissertation "Some Personality Determinants of the Effects of Participation," dealt with the moderating effects of two personality variables- authoritarianism and need for independence on reaction to participation in decision making won a Ford Foundation award and was published as a book.